2. The company
Objetives
- For students to learn vocabulary and expressions about companies.
- For students to learn vocabulary and grammatical expressions to basically describe different types of companies and their activities.
- For students to learn essential vocabulary and grammar in order to ask and provide information about companies.
2.1. Company types and activities
A company is a voluntary association formed and organized to carry on a business. There are different types of companies. Some of them include sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability, corporation, and public limited company.
In business contexts, it is important to clearly define and describe each company. Most companies show this explicitly through their profiles, vision and mission.
Figure 6 shows Arcor company logo and main brands
-
- Read and listen to these company profiles.
- Analyze the following examples of how to describe companies types and activities
Arcor is a leading industrial Group which specializes in the manufacture of foodstuff, sugar confectionery, cookies & crackers, chocolate and ice cream.
At present, Arcor is the main foodstuff Company in Argentina, the world's first candy manufacturer and the main exporter of confectionery of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru.
Besides, Bagley Latinoamérica S.A., Danone and Arcor's joint venture, is one of the major cookies & crackers company in South America.
Arcor's products are manufactured in 40 industrial plants located in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru. With its management focused on the sustainability of the business and on social development, Arcor manufactures products that contain functional ingredients and provide energy for an active lifestyle.
Arcor includes leading brands highly valued by consumers which are commercialized in more than 120 countries. N
Figure 7 shows different sports makes
The brands of the Adidas Group complement each other in a unique way to help athletes perform better, play better, feel better. Our products break records, set trends, make history. Every day. All over the world. Welcome to the adidas Group.
It is not only about faster shoes and fashion statements. Just as a shoe is more than padding and foam, there is more to us than just the product. Everything we do is bound by one simple thought: we strive to help you perform at your best. Your success is our ambition. Your defeat spurs us on to be better.
Our brands complement each other like the skills of an exceptionally gifted decathlete.
Our consumers’ brand love is based on our employees’ extraordinary passion for a sporting lifestyle. With dedication, commitment and team spirit, we continuously innovate to establish new benchmarks in everything we do. Shaping the sporting goods industry sustainably is more than a job. It’s our impulse, an attitude that is truly dear to our hearts. It drives us.
Employing more than 53,731 people in over 160 countries, we produce more than 660 million product units every year and generate sales of € 14.5 billion (all figures relate to 2014). These numbers alone can easily suggest that our Group is quite a complex organisation. True. But we keep things simple, lean and fast. N
Figure 8 shows one of many Sheraton hotels
Starwood wants to share its hospitality with travelers worldwide. Sheraton Hotels & Resorts, the largest brand in Starwood Hotels & Resort's portfolio, operates a leading chain of upscale hotels located around the globe. The company's properties target both business and leisure travelers with full-service accommodations, fine dining, and other amenities. Its Four Points by Sheraton brand properties typically feature smaller locations with limited service and amenities such as high speed Internet access and fitness centers. N
-
- Analyze the following videos describing companies.
- Pay attention to both vocabulary and grammatical expressions used.
- Try to find paralell constructions.
2.2. Location and facilities
It is very important for business exchanges to locate the headquartes of the company in strategic venues. Most companies show this explicitly through the company’s marketing campaings.
Facilities and services must be clearly stated in every company so that businesspeople identify the kinds of entrepreneurial exchanges they may be interested in as regards each firm.
In his book “Hurdle: The Book on Business Planning”, Tim Berry says:
Briefly describe offices and locations of your company, the nature and function of each, square footage, lease arrangements, etc.
If you are a service business, you probably don't have manufacturing plants anywhere, but you might have Internet services, office facilities, and telephone systems that are relevant to providing service.
If you are a retail store, then your location is probably a critical factor, so explain the location, traffic patterns, parking facilities, and possibly customer demographics as they relate to the specific location.
If you are a manufacturer, then you may have different facilities for production, assembly, and offices. You may also have manufacturing and assembly equipment, packing equipment, shipping docks, and other facilities. N
Figure 9 shows Pirelli’s headquarters
- Now read and listen in order to analize the following examples:
With our long experience in the tire sector, commitment to excellence during development, and our large sales network, Pirelli Tire holds a leadership position in Italy and across the globe.
Our headquarters are home to the Pirelli Historical Archives, Viewing Room, our offices, and an area for hosting exhibits, seminars and other cultural events.
Hangar Bicocca is a space devoted to the production, exhibition and promotion of contemporary art. Set up in 2004, it occupies a vast redeveloped industrial complex formerly owned by Ansaldo-Breda. N
- Watch the following videos and analyze the sentences used to describe the location and facilities.
2.3. Simple present
The simple present tense is used to describe things as they are, to describe processes, current routines and habits, to talk about the climate and natural permanent states and facts as well as to describe people physical and psychological appearance.
- Affirmative: The company produces spare parts.
- Negative: The hotel does not have swimming pool.
- Interrogative: Do employees receive bonuses at the end of the year?
Other uses of the simple present
The Simple present tense is used for:
- Facts and situations in the present: It expresses a fact or given situation.
Examples:
Affirmative: Our secretary works very hard.
Negative: I do not invest in foreign companies.
Interrogative: Does the factory produce sportsware?
- Actions in the present: Actions that take place never, once, several times or regulary.
Examples:
Affirmative: Mister Brown never attends a meeting. He always sends me.
Negative: You are not always right in accepting cetain market conditions.
Interrogative: Does the market share sometimes go up in this country?
- Actions set by a timetable or schedule: Actions in the future that we cannot influence, as their course is set by a timetable or schedule.
Examples:
Affirmative: The train leaves at 6:24.
Negative: The conference does not start until 9:30.
Interrogative: What time do banks open? N
- have is used with personal pronouns I, you, we und they (or with the plural form of nouns).
- has is used with personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns)
- The infinitive form of the verb is used with personal pronouns I, you, we and they (or with the plural form of nouns).
- The verb + s is used with personal pronouns he, she, it (or with the singular form of nouns).
The verb "to have" is used to express possesion
Examples:
I have a new job.
Companies have different staff for different activities.
Examples:
The new boss is here. He has a moustache and a beard.
The secretary has her own office in this company.
Note:
The company has 100 staff members. = The company has got 100 staff members.
'have got' is mainly used in British English. You can also use 'have' on its own (especially in American English). In this case, however, you must form negative sentences and questions with the auxiliary verb 'do' or ‘does’.
Pronouns |
Affirmative |
Negative |
Question |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
I/you/we/they |
I have got a car. / I have a car. |
I have not got a car. / I do not have a car. |
Have I got a car? / Do I have a car? |
|
he/she/it |
He has got a car. / He has a car. |
He has not got a car. / He does not have a car. |
Has he got a car? / Does he have a car? |
All other verbs
Examples:
The employees work hard in this department.
They stay longer hours.
Examples:
The manager delivers a speech to open every meeting.
She provides information about the company performance.
Pronouns |
Affirmative |
Negative |
Question |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
I/you/we/they |
I work. |
I do not work. |
Do I work? |
|
he/she/it |
He works. |
He does not work. |
Does he work? N |
- Do the following exercise applying the previous rules.
2.4. There is / There are
In English grammar the structures "there is" and "there are" are used to talk about the existence of things, that is to say, things which exsit.
“There is” is used for singular and uncountable nouns, and “there are” is applied to plural countable nouns.
Examples:
- “There are five people in the office.” (plural countable noun)
- “There is a television in the living room.” (singular countable noun)
- or “There is some milk in the fridge.” (uncountable noun)
Using "some"
- With plural countable nouns we can either give the quantity (“five people”) or use “some” if we don't know the exact quantity.
- “There are five people in the office.” (We can see five people exactly)
- “There are some people in the office.” (We don't know exactly how many people)
Examples:
- With uncountable nouns we also use “some”.
- “There's some milk in the fridge,” (I don't know the exact quantity.)
- “There's some money in my wallet.” (I don't know exactly how much money.)
Examples:
Negative form and using "any"
- There are two ways to form the negative.
- Add not or n't to the end of the verb.
- "There isn't a freezer in the kitchen." (singular, countable noun)
- "There isn't any money in my wallet." (uncountable noun)
- "There aren't any students" in the classroom. (plural noun)
Examples:
- For uncountable nouns, use “any” after the negative “isn't”, and for plural
countable nouns use “any” after “aren't”.
Remember: do not use "any" with singular countable nouns.
Example:
- "There isn't a single biscuit left in the packet." (Not "There isn't any single biscuit left in the packet.")
- Use "no" after "there is" or "there are".
Examples:
- "There is no freezer in the kitchen." (singular countable noun)
- "There are no students in the classroom." (plural noun)
- "There's no coffee left." (uncountable noun)
- However, it's more common to use "isn't + a" for singular countable nouns,
"isnt + any" for countable nouns and "aren't + any" for plural nouns.
Question form
To make a question, change the word order from subject-verb to verb-subject:
There is a + singular noun = Is there a + singular noun?
There is some + uncountable noun = Is there any + uncountable noun?
There are some + plural noun = Are there any + uncountable noun?
Examples:
- "Is there a toilet on this train?"
- "Is there any time to go shopping?"
- "Are there any trains to London this morning?"
- Short answer form
Yes, there is. / No there isn't.
Yes there are. / No there aren't. N
- Now do the following online exercises. The link takes you to a list of many different exercises according to levels and topics.
2.5. Months of the year
The table below shows the months of the year used in English-speaking countries and many other parts of the world. The list shows the order of the months, starting from January (month 1).
The abbreviations or short forms shown are the most common, but other abbreviations are possible, for example: Ja./Fe./Ma. or J./F./M.
The days column shows the number of days in the month. All months have 30 or 31 days, except for February which has 28 days (29 in a leap year).
Every fourth year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. This year is called a "leap year" and the 29th day of February is a "leap day". A leap year has 366 days instead of the usual 365. Most years that can be cleanly divided by four are leap years. 2016, 2020 and 2024, for example, are leap years.
|
Month |
Short form |
Days |
Season |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
January |
Jan. |
31 |
winter |
2 |
February |
Feb. |
28/29 |
|
3 |
March |
Mar. |
31 |
spring |
4 |
April |
Apr. |
30 |
|
5 |
May |
May |
31 |
|
6 |
June |
Jun. |
30 |
summer |
7 |
July |
Jul. |
31 |
|
8 |
August |
Aug. |
31 |
|
9 |
September |
Sep. |
30 |
autumn |
10 |
October |
Oct. |
31 |
|
11 |
November |
Nov. |
30 |
|
12 |
December |
Dec. |
31 |
winter |
The seasons are approximate and depend on latitude. Some parts of the world have only three seasons. The seasons shown here are for the North Temperate Zone (for example North America). In the southern hemisphere, the seasons are reversed. N
- Now play this game: Listen to the month of the year and shoot at it.
2.6. Days of the week
The chart below shows the days of the week in English together with their normal abbreviations.
|
Day of the week |
Abbreviation |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
days of the week
|
weekdays
|
Monday |
Mon. |
Mo. |
Tuesday |
Tue. |
Tu. |
||
Wednesday |
Wed. |
We. |
||
Thursday |
Thu. |
Th. |
||
Friday |
Fri. |
Fr. |
||
weekend
|
Saturday |
Sat. |
Sa. |
|
Sunday |
Sun. |
Su. |
- The days of the week are all 7 days from Monday to Sunday.
- But weekdays are only the 5 days from Monday to Friday.
- And the weekend is Saturday and Sunday. N
Notice that days of the week and weekdays and are NOT the same:
- Now do these exercises to consolidate your learning:
2.7. Dates
British English
In British English the day is usually put before the month. If you wish, you can add the ending of the ordinal number. The preposition of before the month is usually dropped. You can put a comma before the year, but this is not common anymore in British English.
Example: 5(th) (of) october(,) 2004
American English
In American English the month is usually put before the day. If you wish, you can put the definite article before the day. It is common to write a comma before the year.
Example: october (the) 5(th), 2004.
Using digits
You can also write the date by using numbers only. The most common forms are:
Example: 5/10/04 or 5-10-04
Note, however, that 5/10/04 usually means 5 October 2004 in British English and May 10, 2004 in American English. To avoid any possible confusion, you should spell out the month or use the abbreviation. N
- 2000 = two thousand
- 2001 = two thousand (and) one
How to say the year
You write |
You say |
---|---|
1900 |
nineteen hundred |
1901 |
nineteen hundred (and) one |
nineteen oh-one |
|
1995 |
nineteen ninety-five |
2000 |
two thousand |
twenty hundred |
|
2002 |
two thousand (and) two |
twenty oh-two |
|
2010 |
two thousand (and) ten |
twenty ten |
You normally split up the year in tens.
1985 is split up in 19 and 85. (You say: nineteen eighty-five).
From 2000 until 2009 the year is normally not split up.
The word and is often left out. From 2010 on the year is split up again.
2010 is split up in 20 and 10. (You say: twenty ten).
- Writing and saying the date in British English
Rule: day – month – year
Day
Month
Year
You write:
1st
January,
2010
You say:
the
First
of
January
twenty ten
Note: the two letters at the end of the number and the comma are often left out.
- Writing and saying the date in American English
Rule: month – day – year
Month
Day
Year
You write:
January
1st,
2010
You say:
January
(the)*
first
twenty ten
* The definite article ›the‹ can be left out.
- Sample sentences and the correct prepositions
- I was born in 1999. (Use in with the year.)
- I was born in August. (Use in with the month.)
- I was born on 12th May, 2000. (Use on in the complete date.)
- Abbreviations BC, AD, BCE, CE
Sometimes BC or AD is added after the year.
Example:
- 1060 BC (ten sixty Before Christ)
- 1060 AD (ten sixty Anno Domini) – This is Latin for in the year of the Lord.
The abbrevations BCE or CE are becoming more and more common today.
- 1060 BCE (ten sixty Before the Common/Current/Christian Era)
- 1060 CE (ten sixty Common/Current/Christian Era)
- 1060 BC = 1060 BCE
- 1060 AD = 1060 CE
- Note
It is common to use numbers instead of months.
British English
- 13-11-2010
- 13/11/2010
- 13.11.2010
American English
- 11-13-2010
- 11/13/2010
- 11.13.2010
If you write 4/8/2011, it is the 4th August 2011 in Britain, but it is April 8th, 2011 in the USA. N
Here you have a list of exercises to practise the date:
2.8. Integration
-
- Read the following information about a famous fast food company.
- Answer these questions about McDonald’s:
- What is the meaning of good food for this company?
- What does the company try to keep intact through time?
- Where do nutrition concepts vary?
- Which are the universal nutrition concepts?
- How does the company plan to cater for a good nutrition?
- Complete the dialogue using the simple present.
Figure 10 shows a McDonald’s store with its different options
At McDonald’s, Good Food means great taste, modern choices and real ingredients.
The Company continues to strive to find new ways to strengthen the nutritional profile of our menu items while maintaining the great tastes our customers expect. And while nutrition concepts vary around the world, some are nearly universal, such as the value of eating a variety of foods from recommended food groups. McDonald’s wants to help make it easier for customers to eat from these food groups by serving more menu items that include fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy and whole grains. N
Staff: Good morning! Welcome to McDonald’s. It’s nice to meet you again.
Visitor: Good morning! I have some questions about your company.
Staff: Right. Sit down and go on ahead.
Visitor: What ……….you……….by “good food”? (mean)
Staff: Well, we………………….to offer great taste through modern choices and real ingredients.(try)
Visitor: ………. you worried about nutritional profile? (be)
Staff: Of course, we ………(be)
Visitor: What …………..the company …………..to provide nutritional menus? (do)
Staff: In fact, the company…………………..more menu items that include fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy and whole grains.
Listen and check
- Watch this video to review items in this lesson:
- Here you have a whole lesson to review how to integrate topics seen in this unit: